|
''Telopea truncata'', commonly known as the Tasmanian waratah, is a plant in the family Proteaceae. It is endemic to Tasmania where it is found on moist acidic soils at altitudes of 600 to 1200 m (2000–4000 ft). ''Telopea truncata'' is a component of alpine eucalypt forest, rainforest and scrub communities. It grows as a multistemmed shrub to a height of , or occasionally as a small tree to 10 m (35 ft) high, with red flower heads, known as inflorescences, appearing over the Tasmanian summer (November to February) and bearing 10 to 35 individual flowers. Yellow-flowered forms are occasionally seen, but do not form a population distinct from the rest of the species. ''Telopea truncata'' can be cultivated in temperate climates, requiring soils with good drainage and ample moisture in part-shaded or sunny positions. Several commercially available cultivars that are hybrids of ''T. truncata'' with the New South Wales waratah (''T. speciosissima'') and Gippsland waratah (''T. oreades'') have been developed. ==Taxonomy and evolution== While exploring Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania) in 1792–3, French botanist Jacques Labillardière collected specimens of what he later formally described as ''Embothrium truncatum'' in his 1805 work ''Novae Hollandiae Plantarum Specimen''. The specific epithet is the Latin adjective ''truncatus'', meaning "truncated" or "ending abruptly", referring to the end of the seed wing; however this character is not specific to the Tasmanian waratah; all members of the subtribe Embothriinae have truncate seed wings.〔 ''Embothrium'' had been a wastebasket taxon at the time, and Robert Brown proposed the genus ''Telopea'' for the species in a talk he gave in 1809, which was published (as ''Telopea truncata'') in 1810. Richard Salisbury had attended the talk and controversially published the name ''Hylogyne australis'', or southern hylogyne, in Joseph Knight's 1809 book ''On the cultivation of the plants belonging to the natural order of Proteeae'', predating Brown's formal 1810 description and claiming precedence.〔 Salisbury was involved in disputes with several prominent naturalists of the time, and his pre-emption of Brown was seen as unethical, so his names were largely ignored by his contemporaries in favor of Brown's. James Ross described a new species of waratah, ''Telopea tasmaniana'', in his ''Hobart Town Almanack'' in 1835,〔 but it is now considered a synonym of ''T. truncata''.〔 In 1891, German botanist Otto Kuntze published ''Revisio generum plantarum'', his response to what he perceived as a lack of method in existing nomenclatural practice. He revived the genus ''Hylogyne'' on the grounds of priority, and correctly made the new combination ''Hylogyne truncata'' for ''T. truncata''. However, Kuntze's revisionary program was not accepted by the majority of botanists.〔 Ultimately, the genus ''Telopea'' was nomenclaturally conserved over ''Hylogyne'' by the International Botanical Congress of 1905. ''Telopea truncata'' is one of five species from southeastern Australia which make up the genus ''Telopea'', and possibly the most distinctive.〔 It is the earliest offshoot of a lineage that gives rise to the Gippsland waratah (''T. oreades'') and Monga waratah (''T. mongaensis'') of southeastern mainland Australia. The perianths of ''T. truncata'' are of a single shade of red, whereas those of its mainland relatives are coloured with two distinct shades of red—the surfaces facing the centre of the flower head are a much brighter red than those facing away.〔 〕 The genus is classified in the subtribe Embothriinae of the Proteaceae, along with the tree waratahs (''Alloxylon'') from eastern Australia and New Caledonia, and the South American genera ''Oreocallis'' and ''Embothrium''. Almost all of these species have red terminal flowers, and hence the subtribe's origin and floral appearance must predate the splitting of Gondwana into Australia, Antarctica, and South America over 60 million years ago. ''Triporopollenites ambiguus'' is an ancient member of the Proteaceae known only from pollen deposits, originally described from Eocene deposits in Victoria. The fossil pollen closely resembles that of ''T. truncata'', ''Alloxylon pinnatum'' and ''Oreocallis grandiflora''. Fossil remains of ''Telopea truncata'' have been recovered from early to middle Pleistocene strata at Regatta Point in western Tasmania. The leaves are small, and these beds housed a subalpine plant community in what is now lowland terrain. Leaves identical to (and classified as) ''Telopea truncata'' have been recovered from early Oligocene deposits around Lake Cethana near Sheffield. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Telopea truncata」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|